November 2004.

These structures, however, are unlikely to precipitate the expansion of the Lake Erie water snake (N. s. insularum ) population because of outside pressures such as habitat degradation, natural selection, and natural gene flow from the northern water snake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49:416-421. Lake Erie Watersnake has one of the smallest geographic distributions of any snake in North America, having a global range of less than 40 km in diameter (King et al. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. 1997. Updated Geographic Distributions of Michigan Herpetofauna: a Synthesis of Old and New Sources. Evolution 49:885-896. Newsletter of the Minnesota Herpetological Society 15 (2): 12-15, Linnaeus, C. 1758. Litter size ranges from 9 to 50 with an average of 23 neonates (NatureServe 2005). It hunts using smell and sight. 2015. Sexual maturity is reached at three to four years of age, which for males occurs at approximately 56 cm SVL and for females at approximately 66.5 cm SVL (King 1986; Stanford 2012).

Are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals? Camin, J.H. Gene flow is created by movement among and between islands and the mainland (King and Lawson 1997). A synopsis of the North American Water Snakes of the genus Natrix. comm.

It is ovoviviparous (live-bearing), which means it does not lay eggs like many other snakes. Hist. (1991). American Midland Naturalist 20 (1): 1-200 -, Conant, Roger 1963. "Lake Erie Water Snake Evolution 49:885-896. Intraspecific and interspecific variation of female genitalia in two species of watersnake. Additional investigations of snake ecology and conservation include eight years working on Eastern Massasaugas and Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes as part of Killbear Provincial Park and Parry Sound OMNRF projects. Average neonate size is 18.1 cm SVL and 4.8 g (King 1986). Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (midland watersnake) albinism.

Lake Erie Watersnakes require specific habitat during the active season to forage, bask, court, mate, and give birth to young; they also require suitable habitat for hibernation. Species at Risk Biologist, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham, Ontario. Lake Erie water snake habitat evaluation: Mill Point, Pelee Island.

In addition to serving as a model for understanding evolutionary processes, the Lake Erie Watersnake’s interaction with Round Goby (Apollonia melanostomus) has provided researchers with a rare example of a threatened species actually benefiting from the introduction of an invasive species (King et al.

Amphibians and reptiles of the islands of Lake Erie. (ser. Funding, provided by the Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.

October 2005). OMNR researchers have attempted to gain access to this island, but permission has been refused by the landowner, though Lake Erie Watersnakes are still believed to occur on Hen Island (D. Jacobs pers.

1958. In the late 1990s, a perceived conflict between snake conservation efforts and private property rights led to hostility toward several snake species at risk on Pelee Island, including Lake Erie Watersnake. Fish and Wildlife Service. Jacobs, D., pers. Herpetologica 19:179-184. Inbreeding and extinction: island populations. Surveys on both the U.S. and Canadian islands involved a combination of capture-recapture and time- and area-constrained methods.

Similar but smaller scale changes have also occurred at Fish Point in the southwest corner of the island, where lake currents, storms, and water levels periodically alter Fox Pond’s hydrological connection to Lake Erie (B. Porchuk and R. Willson unpubl. October 2005). The dangers of living on Pelee Island – A survey of amphibian and reptile mortality on roads. The USFWS (2010) reported that the realized population growth of adult Lake Erie Watersnake populations at eight intensively studied sites between 2001 and 2008 was approximately 6 percent per year (95% CI: 2–10 percent). Furthermore, some of the western Lake Erie islands are now occupied by large colonies of Double-crested Cormorants and there is evidence of mortality caused by these birds (D. Jacobs pers. Hendry, A.P., T. Day, and E.B. The Journal of North American Herpetology 2014(1):59-68 -, Tiebout III, Harry M. & John R. Cary 1991. Lawson, A. 2013.

VDM Verlag, Germany, 187 pp.

COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Rob Willson  and Glenn Cunnington for writing the draft of the status report on Lake Erie Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. Under the Conservation Land Tax Incentive Program, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) offers tax rebates to landowners who possess at least 0.2 ha of endangered species habitat (such as Lake Erie Watersnake shoreline habitat) (OMNR 2004; D. Jacobs pers.

NatureServe lists Lake Erie Watersnake as imperilled (S2) in Ontario. Species appears to benefit from invasive fish Round Goby.

As suggested by Stanford (2012), it is plausible that areas with higher human populations have fewer avian predators of Lake Erie Watersnake (e.g., Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)).

On Pelee Island, probable sites for hibernacula have been identified up to 500 m from the shore based on observations of snakes early in the spring that were located at sites with the potential to function as hibernation habitat based on physical characteristics (R. Willson unpubl.

2008). 2012. East Sister Island Provincial Nature Reserve and two areas on Pelee Island (Lighthouse Point and Fish Point Provincial Nature Reserves) are managed by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) and as such are visited regularly by ministry staff. King, R.B.

It is possible that large stands of European Common Reed could reduce habitat quality and availability for Lake Erie Watersnake.

King (2003) estimated that 50% of all aquatic movements occurred within 8 m of shore, 75% were within 13 m, 90% were less than 21 m, and only 1% ranged more than 47 m from shore. In the past, Lake Erie Watersnakes occurred on 22 offshore islands and rock outcrops between mainland Ohio and Ontario within the western portion of Lake Erie. Color Pattern Variation in Lake Erie Water Snakes - Inheritance. Certain types of artificial habitat (rip-rap, certain armor stone, rock piles, or docks made with rock-filled cribs) may provide shelter for Lake Erie water snakes.

Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Northern Water Snake). As shown in Figure 3, a large proportion of the island’s shoreline is bordered by roads.

Raccoons have been found on Pelee Island since the 1990s. 2004. comm. Email correspondence to R.J. Willson. U.S. King, R.B. comm. Zoology 134, 16–26 (2019), Mullin, Stephen J.;Eubanks, James T. 1997. Rowell, J.C. 2012. comm.

140 pp. Rouse. Population ecology of the Lake Erie Watersnake, Nerodia sipedon insularum. Lake Erie Watersnakes now feed almost exclusively on Round Goby, an invasive species that arrived in Lake Erie in the early 1990s (King et al. Novel Cloacal Glands in Snakes: The Phylogenetic Distribution of Ventral Urodaeal Glands in Thamnophiini. (2010), the USFWS (2003) categorized all of the habitats used by Lake Erie Watersnake into two groups: “Essential Summer Habitat” and “Essential Hibernation Habitat”.

Report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

1986. Populations on the islands of western Lake Erie are separated from the Ohio and Ontario mainland populations by 5 to 14 km of water which acts as a natural barrier (USFWS 2003). Federal Register 64(67): 47126-47134. Emergence from hibernacula usually occurs in mid- to late April and into May (Stanford et al. 2001. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Porchuk, B., pers. Although there are differences in generation time and reproductive rate between these species, annual road mortality rates of Lake Erie Watersnakes may still be high enough to result in similar population-level consequences. [15] Since at least 1992, this species, along with N. fasciata, has been introduced in California, where they are considered invasive species likely to compete with native giant garter snake Thamnophis gigas.[16][17][18][19]. Females give birth to live young and litter size averages 23 and is positively related to the female’s size. Based on Stanford’s results, Seymour (2009) concluded that accidental human-induced mortality from boating or fishing encounters is not high enough to cause subpopulation-level impacts. Stanford (2004; cited in Seymour [2009]) sent a questionnaire to registered boaters to assess the level of intentional or inadvertent mortality of Lake Erie Watersnakes as a result of fishing or boating activities.

Lake Erie Watersnakes may hibernate in natural areas or human-made structures. They mate in the springtime and give birth to "live" young in the late summer (i.e., they are ovoviviparous, meaning the female retains the eggs in her body, where they hatch).



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