A football linebacker tackles an opponent and breaks his arm. This violent act of instrumental aggression is typical of terrorists. Although the player whose arm is broken in a football game may attribute hostile intent, the other player may claim that the injury was not intended. (Ed.).

The list that follows this paragraph (adapted from Archer & Coyne, 2005) presents some examples of the types of nonphysical aggression that have been observed in children and adults. Emotional or impulsive aggression refers to aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent and that is determined primarily by impulsive emotions. And what person and situational variables cause terrorism? These terrorist attacks have occurred in many countries across the world, in both Eastern as well as Western cultures. The U.S. Army attacks terrorists in Iraq but kills Iraqi civilians, including children, as well. Kruglanski and his colleagues argue that terrorists believe that they can gain something through their terrorist acts that they could not gain through other methods. Therefore, slinging insults at a boyfriend is definitely, according to our definition, aggressive, just as hitting someone is. Aggressive Behavior, 26(1), 57–65. Although the negative outcomes of physical aggression are perhaps more obvious, nonphysical aggression also has costs to the victim. Emotional aggression is usually treated as second-degree homicide in the U.S. legal system, to differentiate it from cognitive, instrumental aggression (first-degree homicide). Gays remain minority most targeted by hate crimes. How much does bullying hurt? (2004). Nonphysical aggression is aggression that does not involve physical harm. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30(6), 493–519. What do you think might have caused each one? For instance, a football linebacker who accidentally breaks the arm of another player or a driver who accidentally hits a pedestrian would not by our definition be displaying aggression because although harm was done, there was no intent to harm. Tyler’s last words before he died were shared through an update to his Facebook status: Clementi’s suicide occurred after his roommate, Dharun Ravi, and Ravi’s friend Molly Wei secretly enabled a remote webcam in a room where Tyler and a male friend were sharing a sexual encounter and then broadcasted the streaming video footage across the Internet.

Doing so forces us to make use of the processes of causal attribution to help us determine the reasons for the behavior of others. Thus violence is a subset of aggression. Furthermore, the goal of the terrorist is not to harm others but rather to gain something personally or for one’s religion, beliefs, or country. Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying. In instrumental aggression, harming the person is used to obtain some other goal, such as money. Cyberbullying can be directed at anyone, but lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) students are most likely to be the targets (Potok, 2010). Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45(2), 242–266.

In addition to its emotional toll, cyberbullying also negatively affects students’ participation in, and success at, school. Define aggression and violence as social psychologists do. There is perhaps no clearer example of the prevalence of violence in our everyday lives than the increase in terrorism that has been observed in the past decades. One recent example of the use of terrorism to promote one’s beliefs can be seen in the actions of Anders Behring Breivik, 32, who killed over 90 people in July 2011 through a bomb attack in downtown Olso, Norway, and a shooting spree at a children’s campground. Instrumental aggression serves as a means to reach a goal. A suicide bomber kills himself and 30 other people in a crowded bus in Jerusalem. Instrumental aggression is aimed at hurting someone to gain something—attention, monetary reward, or political power, for instance. Instrumental aggression is more cognitive than affective and may be completely cold and calculating.

Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. Paquette, J. Jamie knows that Bill is going to hit Frank when he next sees him, but she doesn’t warn him about it. Psychological issues in understanding terrorism and the response to terrorism. (2005). A salesperson who attempts to make a sale through repeated phone calls is not aggressive because he is not intending any harm. Empirical data has also found little evidence for some of the situational variables that might have been expected to be important. Differentiate emotional from instrumental aggression. Sally spreads false rumors about Michele.

Violence is aggression that creates extreme physical harm. If the aggressor believes that there is an easier way to obtain the goal, the aggression would probably not occur.



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