Location of the two study sites in relation to Cairns) /Dest [ 27 0 R /XYZ 0 147 null ] /Parent 119 0 R /Prev 120 0 R /Next 140 0 R >> endobj 142 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 1 3 .

0000067392 00000 n 0000007892 00000 n Lingual glands in the posterior part of the tongue are actually salt glands, which excrete excess salt when the animals are in highly saline environments. 0000012416 00000 n

The ear flaps are two rectangular flaps of tissue just below the edge of the cranial  platform. have been modified to the crocodilian mode of existence. P o s i t i o n l o c a t i o n s f o r \ C h a r l e s i n O) /Dest [ 66 0 R /XYZ 0 193 null ] /Parent 116 0 R /Prev 145 0 R /Next 147 0 R >> endobj 147 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 1 8 . 0000001748 00000 n On the other hand, hair and other keratinous substances (eg turtle shell), and chitin (eg insect cuticle), are broken down very slowly. 0000010072 00000 n Principal among these are fishes and birds, but larger crocodiles also prey upon the young. {�>+cOCE�p�R�@Ԋ�E�]�cqR4�VF)�2Q��9V���؇*9W.��.���1y\����V�Z�ꪞSs��ՠ��Ǵ

N e s b i t r e s t r a i n e d i n a\ d i t c h w h e r e t) /Dest [ 47 0 R /XYZ 0 543 null ] /Parent 119 0 R /Prev 135 0 R /Next 133 0 R >> endobj 135 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 8 . Along these canals are chambers in which "smell" is sensed - crocodilians have a very good sense of smell. Bone may be deposited within the scales as discrete and isolated blocks, called “osteoderms”. Above and below the eye are the conventional eyelids, which cover the eye completely. 0000010274 00000 n This "minimum exposure" posture has been important to crocodilians throughout their evolution. The scales covering the head are very thin, relative to those of the rest of the body, and  those along the sides of the jaws have pronounced sensory pits in them. 0000004916 00000 n For example, Siamese crocodiles and caimans emit a loud hiss when threatened, and hatchlings of most species make sounds described as grunts or quacks. The skin of crocodilians is composed of a network of interconnected scales or scutes of  various shapes and sizes.

They are oriented forward, resulting in binocular vision. In the Gharial, Tomistoma and other narrow-snouted species such as the Australian Freshwater Crocodile, the teeth can be very sharp indeed. �����^F�7L� ����.0�0}`� ������1������ ��e:���- ��r9�00�;�f�΢�0�7c��Ͼ��Ѹ����Z�&y��P�����9g ���{H�@���@�,(� � �xΛ endstream endobj 169 0 obj 425 endobj 113 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 105 0 R /Resources 155 0 R /Contents 159 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 114 0 obj << /Count 7 /First 115 0 R /Last 116 0 R >> endobj 115 0 obj << /Title (The problem) /Dest [ 1 0 R /XYZ 0 773 null ] /Parent 114 0 R /Next 127 0 R >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Title (Maps) /Dest [ 56 0 R /XYZ 0 773 null ] /Last 117 0 R /Count -15 /First 118 0 R /Prev 119 0 R /Parent 114 0 R >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 2 6 .

In contrast, two strong people equipped with an assortment of levers are required to force open the mouth of a 1 m long crocodilian against the action of the muscles holding it shut.

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When prey are being held in the water, the mouth may be open, but the palatal valve is closed, preventing water going down the throat - and breathing takes place through the nostrils. As in many other nocturnal animals, the pupils close to a vertical slit in bright light and  open to a full circle in the dark. 0000012337 00000 n When basking on land with the mouth open, crocodilians breathe mostly through their mouth (the throat/palatal valve is open). Crocodiles capture water animals in their jaws with a sideways movement of the muzzle. ... called integumentary sense organs ... it may have submerged its tail to detect the movement of prey underwater.

Light passing through the retina is reflected back through it by these crystals. Many crocodiles vocalize to communicate. Hair sometimes accumulates as “hairballs” within the stomach, and may later be regurgitated. The tail scutes increase the surface area of the tail substantially, and almost certainly play a role in swimming efficiency. 1. In the first weeks of life, crocodiles eat insects, crustaceans, snails, small fishes, frogs, and tadpoles. 0000006426 00000 n

The digestive enzymes in the stomach are particularly strong, and most bones and flesh are rapidly digested. Since the degree of overlap is small, crocodilians usually orient their head towards potential prey before attempting to approach it. This is important, because the brain must evaluate signals being received from the eyes, ears and nostrils, and like other reptiles, it probably functions more efficiently within a "preferred" temperature range. �X�M�etE�qL�� �"��ێ��*��{8��8F���h2M�?��"qI�Pj��Q�i ��f�yQ��c��j��:lG>�g�����Q��Z2��.�v"^��b�X/��\�LP}T�����S���V��{�m�r�Vo���l�� e� ����X��8��?Ǘ8��?���Sle-���Q]d/���b�p����Y�S�X.V��c�?�ė�{q]j2^���ȵҐ;��[�T/��F����̤jôm��Y;�]��[J,���5�G�z�}具�kx�s�p%��H�A�}��0G�F܂k����C��?e�IO�x*���W�uZEu�. These scales protect, to a large degree, the delicate inner organs from injury during fights with other crocodiles, and tooth marks in them are reasonably common.

P o s i t i o n l o c a t i o n s f o r \ B o b f o r S e p t) /Dest [ 86 0 R /XYZ 0 514 null ] /Parent 116 0 R /Prev 152 0 R /Next 154 0 R >> endobj 154 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 2 5 .

Both the crocodile and alligator are reptiles living on both land and waters have sense and pressure receptors. Although crocodilian jaws are capable of enormous power, they are also capable of delicate and gentle action. 0000008982 00000 n ... and inhalation is achieved by the backward movement of the liver and other organs. A roaring crocodile tenses the muscles of its body so that the head and tail rise high out of the water. ��@�S�8��:cX��Gϛ7�j8jX_:�b�y����X��j����e�M��,GW��#͓��H@�acJ�F56L�B�N��C�^�[�R�� ���l)c0 ���p�:R�֬]6k���Ѓ1�����b� The extent to which bone is deposited in the belly scales varies between species and within the one species from different areas. trailer << /Size 170 /Info 108 0 R /Root 111 0 R /Prev 905664 /ID[<79ae1a982523819e38038464a51f8f0e><3f86441010a0b984eea2c07cd5ec28da>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 111 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 106 0 R /Metadata 109 0 R /Outlines 114 0 R /Names 112 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLabels 104 0 R >> endobj 112 0 obj << /Dests 102 0 R >> endobj 168 0 obj << /S 399 /O 546 /E 562 /L 578 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 169 0 R >> stream This image intensifying device, in combination with at least two different types of receptors in the retina, allow crocodilians to see better in low light situations.

P o s i t i o n l o c a t i o n s f o r \ C h a r l e s i n S) /Dest [ 66 0 R /XYZ 0 554 null ] /Parent 116 0 R /Prev 144 0 R /Next 146 0 R >> endobj 146 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 1 7 . The shape of the head is intimately associated with the way crocodilians position themselves in water.

His grandfather was a … Crocodilians do not have a diaphragm separating the chest cavity from the viscera, and inhalation is achieved by the backward movement of the liver and other organs. Other reptiles have a three-chambered heart (two atria and  one partially divided ventricle). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.

They are predators and spend most of their time in the water; although they are also known to make journeys of several kilometres over land.

0000002303 00000 n The muscles that close the jaws are capable of generating enormous power. 0000005054 00000 n

Principal among these are fishes and birds, but larger crocodiles also prey upon the young.

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Alligators, for example, have a broader snout than crocodiles, but, when in their "minimum exposure" posture in water, the two appear identical - the increased snout width is under the water. In the three-chambered reptile heart, blood destined for the lungs (deoxygenated blood) can mix in the partly divided ventricle with blood destined to go out to the body (oxygenated blood from the lungs). 0000009854 00000 n

� Carnivorous dinosaur had crocodile-like senses. This allows objects, especially potential prey, to be oriented precisely.

These animals beg for food, and some even permit themselves to be petted. Crocodile Bay Resort is located in the small village of Puerto Jimenez on the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica. When the fence is left open, a high-school bus unknowingly enters the park. 0000008546 00000 n The eyes of crocodilians are specialised in a number of ways. 0000010821 00000 n 0000006860 00000 n On the belly surfaces these scales tend to be square and flat, and it is the skin of this region that is most commonly used in the leather industry. 0000005555 00000 n Black Lake is now a crocodile sanctuary, surrounded by an electric fence. 0000006662 00000 n An unusual feature of crocodilians is the tendency for them to retain hard, indigestible objects, such as stones, in the stomach.

At the back of the throat is a palatal valve that can be opened or closed. 0000008328 00000 n Occasionally, a member of one of the larger species eats a human, though such incidents happen so infrequently that crocodiles cannot be generally regarded as man-eaters. The organs (heart, lungs, intestines, kidneys, etc.) The number of teeth varies from 60 in the Dwarf Crocodile to 110 in the Gharial. In addition, members of both sexes may produce a loud roar during the breeding season.

The internal organs of crocodilians are just as unique and specialised as the skeleton and external features. Sexual maturity occurs at about age 10 and at a body length of about 1.5–3 metres (5–10 feet). endstream endobj 160 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2028 1037 ] /FontName /FLJPPJ+Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 515 /FontFile2 165 0 R >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 278 278 0 0 0 889 0 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 0 0 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 0 667 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 222 333 333 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /FLJPPJ+Arial /FontDescriptor 160 0 R >> endobj 162 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /TR2 /Default >> endobj 163 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 20858 /Length1 35856 >> stream These animals also appear to communicate using chemical signals.

The nasal disc on the tip of the snout contains two nostrils, each with a protective valve  or flap at their opening. 0000003907 00000 n 0000001551 00000 n P o s i t i o n l o c a t i o n s f o r \ C h a r l e s i n N) /Dest [ 71 0 R /XYZ 0 519 null ] /Parent 116 0 R /Prev 146 0 R /Next 148 0 R >> endobj 148 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 1 9 . The largest crocodile is the saltwater crocodile. S t e v e I r w i n \\ \( c e n t r e \\ \)\ a n d t h e t e a m ) /Dest [ 42 0 R /XYZ 0 117 null ] /Parent 119 0 R /Prev 136 0 R /Next 134 0 R >> endobj 136 0 obj << /Title (�� F i g u r e 7 .



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