1– 3 The highest incidence of bites in Sri Lanka was reported from the North Central Province, where the vegetation and climate provide an ideal habitat for snakes. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between patients who were discharged (Group A) and those who expired (Group B). The signs of uraemia may develop within 3-7 days of the bite. Recent data have challenged the traditional concepts of neurotoxicity in snake envenoming, and highlight the rich diversity of snake neurotoxins. South Asia is the world's most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite control programs.

They have estimated that around 46,000 people die due to snake bites in India and three times as many victims (1.4 lakh people) are left with some permanent disabilities every year. In contrast to predatory strikes, the duration of fang contact appears to be an important determinant of envenomation success during defensive bites.

Symptom evolution and recovery, patterns of weakness, respiratory involvement, and response to antivenom and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are variable, and seem to depend on the snake species, type of neurotoxicity, and geographical variations.

The deficiency of snake bite management in South Asia is multi-causal and requires joint collaborative efforts from researchers, antivenom manufacturers, policy makers, public health authorities and international funders.


Two hundred and sixty patients had signs of local or systemic envenomation and included.

Retrospective data of snakebite and deaths from 2012 to 2016 was collected from the 5 Rural hospitals (RH) and 5 Block level Primary Health Centres(BPHC) of the ten blocks of Paschim Medinipur district in a prescribed format addressing issues including the demographic factors regarding the victims, seasonal pattern, history of snakebite in previous 5 years, outcome of the bite, any reporting of death. The second part of the research revealed that the commercially available antivenom was ineffective against a number of snakebites.

The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, B.P. Synthetic antivenoms for snakebites: A slithering road! Search for other works by this author on: You do not currently have access to this article. Anticholinesterase did not improve paralysis in 2 patients bitten by kraits. ... ASV should only be administered to neutralize currently unbound venom, which in the case of additional doses is indicated in the region, by the continuance of incoagulable blood or worsening neurological signs. Author Summary Common krait bites cause muscular paralysis due to the venom disrupting communication between the nerves and muscles. This lack of clinical effectiveness often contributes to the administration of excessive amounts of antivenom [88.

About 0.1 mg of common krait venom (per kilogram of weight) could kill a mouse. Envenoming by the common krait (Bangarus Envenoming by the common krait (Bangarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complication of therapy with Haffkine antivenom.

Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known.

Out of 58 who died 18 (31%) patients, succumbed within 24 hrs. The main indication for ASV administration was vasculotoxic snake-bite (59.62%).

The former was more neurotoxic (destructive to nerve tissues) while the latter was more cytotoxic (toxic to cells),” stated Kartik Sunagar, Assistant Professor from IISc’s Centre for Ecological Sciences and the lead author of the study that was published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Disease journal. This book features an updated alphabetical list of types and sub-types of all venomous snakes, including their home ranges, as well as a comprehensive index, list of abbreviations, glossary, and color picture insert with one hundred photographs of venomous snakes. This study emphasizes the importance of snakebite as a significant threat to the community in the tropics. CLS in hemotoxic snake bites is the leading cause of mortality and is often refractory to any treatment measures. Though several of them are poisonous, the common perception is that an anti-venom, which helps counteract the poison, is readily available in the country.

This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. Phillips, D.A. Results show that the use of current textbooks and medical education do not adequately prepare doctors to treat snake bite, particularly in the areas of use of ASV, dealing with adverse reactions to ASV and specific measures to deal with neurotoxic bites.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the current level of knowledge amongst doctors in India and Pakistan, two countries with the highest snake bite mortality in absolute terms. Theakston 1 R.E. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. According to Kartik, the results have highlighted the pressing need for public health officials to look into making region-specific treatments for snakebites. ... For instance, administration of antivenom to krait bite victims with established respiratory paralysis does not reverse paralysis [55,86,87]. b) Rapidly progressive or massive swelling involving more than half of the bitten limb within few hours of bite (without tourniquet) High doses of antivenom are often used in krait envenomings with limited success in reversing the4,17].

We report a case of neurotoxic envenomation due to bite by common krait (Bangarus caeruleus).

This ensures a consistent starting material for the manufacture of a reproducible veterinary antivenom, ViperaVet.

Education of medical staff and the patient population at highest risk could reduce snake bite mortality. The model assesses ASV usage according to 2 criteria: risk and wastage. All data analysis was performed by using stata software version 10 [StataCorp LP, Texas, USA] and SPSS version 11 [SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA].

Each of victims (n=34) received antivenom an average of 4.3 (median) ±0.73 (standard error of mean) hours after receiving the snakebite.

WHO/ SEARO Guidelines for The clini-cal management of snake bites in the Southeast Asian region. An e-Health initiative to Close Know-Do Gap in Nepal Z-Ligustilide Ameliorates Diabetic Rat Retinal Dysfunction Through Anti-Apoptosis and an Antioxidation Pathway.

c) Development of enlarged tender lymph nodes draining the bitten part within couple of hours after bite You could not be signed in.

After reconstitution each ml Snake Venom Antiserum neutralizes not less than Cobra venom (Naja naja) 0.60 mg, Common Krait venom (Bungarus caeruleus) 0.45 mg, Russell's Viper venom (Vipera russelli) 0.60 mg, Saw-scaled Viper venom (Echis carinatus) 0.45 mg. Snake Venom Antiserum lyophilized is a refined and concentrated preparation of serum globulins for intravenous administration, containing equine immunoglobulin fragments F(ab')2, obtained from the plasma of healthy equines, hyperimmunized against venoms of above species of snakes.
Certain members of another family, the colubrids, have a toxic Duvernoy's secretion that is part of a less-developed venom apparatus. >> Radio talk with 100 people of Nepal from multi-level, multi-disciplinary field around the country

Seventy-seven (29.6%) had bleeding tendencies. We detected proteomic variation in the venoms of V ammodytes, V aspis, V berus and V latastei by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel electrophoresis.

The respiratory failure in 2 patients was successfully treated by mechanical ventilation for 8 and 30 h. These observations confirm the importance of neurotoxic symptoms following bites by these species but also suggest a contributory role of generalized rhabdomyolysis in krait victims and emphasize the problem of severe local tissue necrosis in cobra victims. The bite to hospital time was found to be 120 ± 6.5 mins(n = 750 cases) and bite to ASV injection time was found to be 270 ± 3.5 mins(n = 750 cases). The overall case fatality rate was 21%.

A study of the current knowledge base in treating snake bite amongst doctors in the high-risk countries of India and Pakistan: does snake bite treatment training reflect local requirements?

Treatment options for systemic krait envenoming include administration of antivenom and supportive respiratory assistance.

Poorly informed rural populations often apply inappropriate first-aid measures and vital time is lost before the victim is transported to a treatment centre, where cost of treatment can constitute an additional hurdle. venom) appears to be the most important determinant of venom expenditure during a bite, with larger snakes usually delivering much more venom.


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